U.S. Navy Diving Manual #

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• CHAP 1, History of Diving
  • 11 INTRODUCTION
  • 12 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING
  • 13 SCUBA DIVING
  • 14 MIXED-GAS DIVING
  • 15 SUBMARINE SALVAGE AND RESCUE
  • 16 SALVAGE DIVING
  • 17 OPEN-SEA DEEP DIVING RECORDS
  • 18 SUMMARY

• CHAP 2, Underwater Physics
  • 21 INTRODUCTION
    • 21.1 Purpose
    • 21.2 Scope
  • 22 PHYSICS
  • 23 MATTER
    • 23.1 Elements
    • 23.2 Atoms
    • 23.3 Molecules
    • 23.4 The Three States of Matter
  • 24 MEASUREMENT
    • 24.1 Measurement Systems
    • 24.2 Temperature Measurements
    • 24.3 Gas Measurements
  • 25 ENERGY
    • 25.1 Conservation of Energy
    • 25.2 Classifications of Energy
  • 26 LIGHT ENERGY IN DIVING
    • 26.1 Refraction
    • 26.2 Turbidity of Water
    • 26.3 Diffusion
    • 26.4 Color Visibility
  • 27 MECHANICAL ENERGY IN DIVING
    • 27.1 Water Temperature and Sound
    • 27.2 Water Depth and Sound
    • 27.3 Underwater Explosions
  • 28 HEAT ENERGY IN DIVING
    • 28.1 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
    • 28.2 Heat Transfer Rate
    • 28.3 Diver Body Temperature
  • 29 PRESSURE IN DIVING
    • 29.1 Atmospheric Pressure
    • 29.2 Terms Used to Describe Gas Pressure
    • 29.3 Hydrostatic Pressure
    • 29.4 Buoyancy
  • 210 GASES IN DIVING
    • 210.1 Atmospheric Air
    • 210.2 Oxygen
    • 210.3 Nitrogen
    • 210.4 Helium
    • 210.5 Hydrogen
    • 210.6 Neon
    • 210.7 Carbon Dioxide
    • 210.8 Carbon Monoxide
    • 210.9 Kinetic Theory of Gases
  • 211 GAS LAWS
    • 211.1 Boyle’s Law
    • 211.2 Charles’/Gay-Lussac’s Law
    • 211.3 The General Gas Law
  • 212 GAS MIXTURES
    • 212.1 Dalton’s Law
    • 212.2 Gas Diffusion
    • 212.3 Humidity
    • 212.4 Gases in Liquids
    • 212.5 Solubility
    • 212.6 Henry’s Law

• CHAP 3, Underwater Physiology
  • 31 INTRODUCTION
    • 31.1 Purpose
    • 31.2 Scope
    • 31.3 General
  • 32 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • 33 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
    • 33.1 Anatomy
    • 33.2 Circulatory Function
    • 33.3 Blood Components
  • 34 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    • 34.1 Gas Exchange
    • 34.2 Respiration Phases
    • 34.3 Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract
    • 34.4 The Respiratory Apparatus
    • 34.5 Respiratory Tract Ventilation Definitions
    • 34.6 Alveolar/Capillary Gas Exchange
    • 34.7 Breathing Control
    • 34.8 Oxygen Consumption
  • 35 RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS IN DIVING
    • 35.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)
    • 35.2 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)
    • 35.3 Asphyxia
    • 35.4 Breathing Resistance and Dyspnea
    • 35.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  • 36 BREATHHOLDING AND UNCONSCIOUSNESS.
    • 36.1 Breathhold Diving Restrictions
    • 36.2 Hazards of Breathhold Diving
  • 37 HYPERVENTILATION
    • 37.1 Unintentional Hyperventilation
    • 37.2 Voluntary Hyperventilation
  • 38 EFFECTS OF BAROTRAUMA AND PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY
    • 38.1 Conditions Leading to Barotrauma
    • 38.2 General Symptoms of Barotrauma
    • 38.3 Middle Ear Squeeze
    • 38.4 Sinus Squeeze
    • 38.5 Tooth Squeeze (Barodontalgia)
    • 38.6 External Ear Squeeze
    • 38.7 Thoracic (Lung) Squeeze
    • 38.8 Face or Body Squeeze
    • 38.9 Middle Ear Overpressure (Reverse Middle Ear Squeeze)
    • 38.10 Sinus Overpressure (Reverse Sinus Squeeze)
    • 38.11 Overexpansion of the Stomach and Intestine
    • 38.12 Inner Ear Dysfunction
  • 39 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES
    • 39.1 Arterial Gas Embolism
    • 39.2 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema
    • 39.3 Pneumothorax
  • 310 INDIRECT EFFECTS OF PRESSURE
    • 310.1 Nitrogen Narcosis
    • 310.2 Oxygen Toxicity
    • 310.3 Absorption of Inert Gases
    • 310.4 Saturation of Tissues
    • 310.5 Desaturation of Tissues
    • 310.6 Decompression Sickness
    • 310.7 High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS)
    • 310.8 Compression Pains
  • 311 PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS FROM MUNITIONS
  • 312 THERMAL PROBLEMS AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN DIVING
    • 312.1 Regulating Body Temperature
    • 312.2 Excessive Heat Loss (Hypothermia)
    • 312.3 Excessive Heat (Hyperthermia)
    • 312.4 Dehydration
    • 312.5 Hypoglycemia

• CHAP 4, Dive Systems
  • 41 INTRODUCTION
    • 41.1 Purpose
    • 41.2 Scope
  • 42 GENERAL INFORMATION
    • 42.1 Document Precedence
    • 42.2 Equipment Authorized For Navy Use (ANU)
    • 42.3 System Certification Authority (SCA)
    • 42.4 Planned Maintenance System
    • 42.5 Alteration of Diving Equipment
    • 42.6 Operating and Emergency Procedures
  • 43 DIVER’S BREATHING GAS PURITY STANDARDS
    • 43.1 Diver’s Breathing Air
    • 43.2 Diver’s Breathing Oxygen
    • 43.3 Diver’s Breathing Helium
    • 43.4 Diver’s Breathing Nitrogen
  • 44 DIVER’S AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM
    • 44.1 Maintenance Requirements
    • 44.2 General Air Sampling Procedures
    • 44.3 CSS Air Sampling Services
    • 44.4 Local Air Sampling Services
  • 45 DIVING COMPRESSORS
    • 45.1 Equipment Requirements
    • 45.2 Air Filtration System
    • 45.3 Lubrication
  • 46 DIVING GAUGES
    • 46.1 Selecting Diving System Guages
    • 46.2 Calibrating and Maintaining Gauges
    • 46.3 Helical Bourdon Tube Gauges
  • 47 COMPRESSED GAS HANDLING AND STORAGE

• CHAP 5, Dive Program Administration
  • 51 INTRODUCTION
    • 51.1 Purpose
    • 51.2 Scope
  • 52 OBJECTIVES OF THE RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING SYSTEM
  • 53 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING DOCUMENTS
  • 54 COMMAND SMOOTH DIVING LOG
  • 55 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER LOG
  • 56 DIVER'S PERSONAL DIVE LOG
  • 57 DIVING MISHAP/CASUALTY REPORTING
  • 58 EQUIPMENT FAILURE OR DEFICIENCY REPORTING
  • 59 U.S. NAVY DIVE REPORTING SYSTEM (DRS)
  • 510 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT EQUIPMENT INVESTIGATION REQUIREMENTS
  • 511 REPORTING CRITERIA
  • 512 ACTIONS REQUIRED
    • 512.1 Technical Manual Deficiency/Evaluation Report
    • 512.2 Shipment of Equipment

• CHAP 6, Operational Planning
  • 61 INTRODUCTION
    • 61.1 Purpose.
    • 61.2 Scope.
  • 62 GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
    • 62.1 Identifying Available Resources
  • 63 DEFINE MISSION OBJECTIVE
  • 64 IDENTIFY OPERATIONAL TASKS
    • 64.1 Underwater Ship Husbandry (UWSH).
    • 64.2 Salvage/Object Recovery
    • 64.3 Search Missions
    • 64.4 Security Swims
    • 64.5 Explosive Ordnance Disposal
    • 64.6 Underwater Construction
    • 64.7 Demolition Missions
    • 64.8 Combat Swimmer Missions
    • 64.9 Enclosed Space Diving
  • 65 COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA
    • 65.1 Information Gathering
    • 65.2 Planning Data.
    • 65.3 Data Required for All Diving Operations.
  • 66 IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
    • 66.1 Underwater Visibility
    • 66.2 Temperature
    • 66.3 Contaminated Water
    • 66.4 Thermal Pollution
    • 66.5 Chemical Contamination
    • 66.6 Biological Contamination
    • 66.7 Altitude Diving
    • 66.8 Underwater Obstacles
    • 66.9 Electrical Shock Hazards
    • 66.10 Explosions
    • 66.11 Sonar
    • 66.12 Nuclear Radiation
    • 66.13 Marine Life
    • 66.14 Vessel and Small Boat Traffic
    • 66.15 Territorial Waters
  • 67 SELECT DIVING TECHNIQUE
    • 67.1 Factors to Consider when Selecting the Diving Technique
    • 67.2 Operational Characteristics of Scuba
    • 67.3 Operational Characteristics of SSDS
  • 68 SELECT EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
    • 68.1 Equipment Authorized for Navy Use
    • 68.2 Air Supply
    • 68.3 Diving Craft and Platforms
  • 69 SELECT AND ASSEMBLE THE DIVING TEAM
    • 69.1 Manning Levels
    • 69.2 Commanding Officer
    • 69.3 Diving Officer
    • 69.4 Master Diver
    • 69.5 Diving Supervisor
    • 69.6 Diving Medical Officer
    • 69.7 Diving Personnel
    • 69.8 Standby Diver
    • 69.9 Buddy Diver
    • 69.10 Diver Tender
    • 69.11 Recorder
    • 69.12 Medical Personnel
    • 69.13 Other Support Personnel
    • 69.14 Cross-Training and Substitution
    • 69.15 Physical Condition.
    • 69.16 Underwater Salvage or Construction Demolition Personnel.
  • 610 OSHA REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S NAVY CIVILIAN DIVING
    • 610.1 Scuba Diving (Air) Restriction
    • 610.2 Surface-Supplied Air Diving Restrictions
    • 610.3 Mixed-Gas Diving Restrictions
    • 610.4 Recompression Chamber Requirements
  • 611 ORGANIZE AND SCHEDULE OPERATIONS
    • 611.1 Task Planning and Scheduling.
    • 611.2 Postdive Tasks.
  • 612 BRIEF THE DIVING TEAM
    • 612.1 Establish Mission Objective.
    • 612.2 Identify Tasks and Procedures.
    • 612.3 Review Diving Procedures.
    • 612.4 Assignment of Personnel.
    • 612.5 Assistance and Emergencies.
  • 613 AIR DIVING EQUIPMENT REFERENCE DATA

• CHAP 7, Scuba Air Diving Operations
  • 71 INTRODUCTION
    • 71.1 Purpose
    • 71.2 Scope
  • 72 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS
    • 72.1 Equipment Authorized for Navy Use
    • 72.2 Open-Circuit Scuba
    • 72.3 Minimum Equipment.
  • 73 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS
    • 73.1 Protective Clothing
  • 74 AIR SUPPLY
    • 74.1 Duration of Air Supply
    • 74.2 Compressed Air from Commercial Sources
    • 74.3 Methods for Charging Scuba Cylinders
    • 74.4 Operating Procedures for Charging Scuba Tanks
    • 74.5 Safety Precautions for Charging and Handling Cylinders
  • 75 PREDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 75.1 Equipment Preparation
    • 75.2 Diver Preparation and Brief
    • 75.3 Donning Gear
    • 75.4 Predive Inspection
  • 76 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT
    • 76.1 Water Entry
    • 76.2 Predescent Surface Check
    • 76.3 Surface Swimming
    • 76.4 Descent
  • 77 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES
    • 77.1 Breathing Technique
    • 77.2 Mask Clearing
    • 77.3 Hose and Mouthpiece Clearing
    • 77.4 Swimming Technique
    • 77.5 Diver Communications
    • 77.6 Buddy Diver Responsibilities
    • 77.7 Buddy Breathing Procedure
    • 77.8 Tending
    • 77.9 Working with Tools
    • 77.10 Adapting to Underwater Conditions
  • 78 ASCENT PROCEDURES
    • 78.1 Emergency Free-Ascent Procedures
    • 78.2 Ascent From Under a Vessel
    • 78.3 Decompression
    • 78.4 Surfacing and Leaving the Water
  • 79 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES

• CHAP 8, Surface-Supplied Air Diving Operations
  • 81 INTRODUCTION
    • 81.1 Purpose
    • 81.2 Scope
  • 82 MK 21 MOD 1
    • 82.1 Operation and Maintenance
    • 82.2 Air Supply
  • 83 MK 20 MOD 0
    • 83.1 Operation and Maintenance
    • 83.2 Air Supply
  • 84 PORTABLE SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING SYSTEMS
    • 84.1 MK 3 MOD 0 Lightweight Dive System (LWDS)
    • 84.2 MK 3 MOD 1 Lightweight Dive System
    • 84.3 ROPER Diving Cart
    • 84.4 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) I
    • 84.5 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) II
    • 84.6 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) III
  • 85 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING
  • 86 SURFACE AIR SUPPLY SYSTEMS
    • 86.1 Requirements for Air Supply
    • 86.2 Primary and Secondary Air Supply
  • 87 DIVER COMMUNICATIONS
    • 87.1 Diver Intercommunication Systems
    • 87.2 Line-Pull Signals
  • 88 PREDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 88.1 Predive Checklist
    • 88.2 Diving Station Preparation
    • 88.3 Air Supply Preparation
    • 88.4 Line Preparation
    • 88.5 Recompression Chamber Inspection and Preparation
    • 88.6 Predive Inspection
    • 88.7 Donning Gear
    • 88.8 Diving Supervisor Predive Checklist
  • 89 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT
    • 89.1 Predescent Surface Check
    • 89.2 Descent
  • 810 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES
    • 810.1 Adapting to Underwater Conditions
    • 810.2 Movement on the Bottom
    • 810.3 Searching on the Bottom
    • 810.4 Enclosed Space Diving
    • 810.5 Working Around Corners
    • 810.6 Working Inside a Wreck
    • 810.7 Working With or Near Lines or Moorings
    • 810.8 Bottom Checks
    • 810.9 Job Site Procedures
    • 810.10 Safety Procedures
    • 810.11 Tending the Diver
    • 810.12 Monitoring the Diver’s Movements
  • 811 ASCENT PROCEDURES
  • 812 SURFACE DECOMPRESSION
    • 812.1 Disadvantages of In-Water Decompression
    • 812.2 Transferring a Diver to the Chamber
  • 813 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 813.1 Personnel and Reporting
    • 813.2 Equipment

• CHAP 9, Air Decompression
  • 91 INTRODUCTION
    • 91.1 Purpose
    • 91.2 Scope
  • 92 THEORY OF DECOMPRESSION
  • 93 AIR DECOMPRESSION DEFINITIONS
    • 93.1 Descent Time
    • 93.2 Bottom Time
    • 93.3 Decompression Table
    • 93.4 Decompression Schedule
    • 93.5 Decompression Stop
    • 93.6 Depth.
    • 93.7 Equivalent Single Dive Bottom Time
    • 93.8 Unlimited/No-Decompression (No “D”) Limit
    • 93.9 Repetitive Dive
    • 93.10 Repetitive Group Designation
    • 93.11 Residual Nitrogen
    • 93.12 Residual Nitrogen Time
    • 93.13 Single Dive
    • 93.14 Single Repetitive Dive
    • 93.15 Surface Interval
  • 94 DIVE RECORDING
  • 95 TABLE SELECTION
    • 95.1 Decompression Tables Available.
    • 95.2 Selection of Decompression Schedule
  • 96 ASCENT PROCEDURES
    • 96.1 Rules During Ascent.
    • 96.2 Variations in Rate of Ascent
  • 97 UNLIMITED/NO-DECOMPRESSION LIMITS AND REPETITIVE GROUP DESIGNATION TABLE FOR UNLIMITED/NO-DEC...
    • 97.1 Example.
    • 97.2 Solution.
  • 98 U.S. NAVY STANDARD AIR DECOMPRESSION TABLE
    • 98.1 Example.
    • 98.2 Solution.
  • 99 REPETITIVE DIVES
    • 99.1 Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives
  • 910 SURFACE DECOMPRESSION
    • 910.1 Surface Decompression Table Using Oxygen
    • 910.2 Surface Decompression Table Using Air
  • 911 EXCEPTIONAL EXPOSURE DIVES
    • 911.1 Surface Decompression Procedures for Exceptional Exposure Dives.
    • 911.2 Oxygen System Failure (Chamber Stop).
  • 912 DIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDES
    • 912.1 Altitude Correction Procedure.
    • 912.2 Need for Correction.
    • 912.3 Depth Measurement at Altitude.
    • 912.4 Equilibration at Altitude.
    • 912.5 Diving At Altitude Worksheet.
    • 912.6 Repetitive Dives.
  • 913 ASCENT TO ALTITUDE AFTER DIVING/FLYING AFTER DIVING.

• CHAP 10, Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving Operations
  • 101 INTRODUCTION
    • 101.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of NITROX Diving
  • 102 EQUIVALENT AIR DEPTH
    • 102.1 Equivalent Air Depth Calculation
  • 103 OXYGEN TOXICITY
    • 103.1 Selecting the Proper NITROX Mixture
  • 104 NITROX DIVING PROCEDURES
    • 104.1 NITROX Diving Using Equivalent Air Depths
    • 104.2 Scuba Operations.
    • 104.3 Special Procedures.
    • 104.4 Omitted Decompression.
    • 104.5 Dives Exceeding the Normal Working Limit
  • 105 NITROX REPETITIVE DIVING
  • 106 NITROX DIVE CHARTING
  • 107 FLEET TRAINING FOR NITROX
  • 108 NITROX DIVING EQUIPMENT
    • 108.1 Open-Circuit Scuba Systems
    • 108.2 General
    • 108.3 Surface-Supplied NITROX Diving
  • 109 EQUIPMENT CLEANLINESS
  • 1010 BREATHING GAS PURITY
  • 1011 NITROX MIXING
  • 1012 NITROX MIXING, BLENDING, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS

• CHAP 11, Ice and Cold Water Diving Operations
  • 111 INTRODUCTION
    • 111.1 Purpose.
    • 111.2 Scope.
  • 112 OPERATIONS PLANNING
    • 112.1 Planning Guidelines
    • 112.2 Navigational Considerations
    • 112.3 Scuba Considerations
    • 112.4 Scuba Regulators.
    • 112.5 Life Preserver
    • 112.6 Face Mask
    • 112.7 Scuba Equipment
    • 112.8 Surface-Supplied Diving System (SSDS) Considerations
    • 112.9 Suit Selection
    • 112.10 Clothing
    • 112.11 Ancillary Equipment
    • 112.12 Dive Site Shelter
  • 113 PREDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 113.1 Personnel Considerations
    • 113.2 Dive Site Selection Considerations
    • 113.3 Shelter
    • 113.4 Entry Hole
    • 113.5 Escape Holes.
    • 113.6 Navigation Lines
    • 113.7 Lifelines
    • 113.8 Equipment Preparation
  • 114 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES
    • 114.1 Buddy Diving
    • 114.2 Tending the Diver
    • 114.3 Standby Diver
  • 115 OPERATING PRECAUTIONS
    • 115.1 General Precautions.
    • 115.2 Ice Conditions.
    • 115.3 Dressing Precautions
    • 115.4 On-Surface Precautions.
    • 115.5 In-Water Precautions.
    • 115.6 Postdive Precautions
  • 116 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
    • 116.1 Lost Diver
    • 116.2 Searching for a Lost Diver
    • 116.3 Hypothermia
  • 117 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

• CHAP 12, Mixed-Gas Diving Theory
  • 121 INTRODUCTION
    • 121.1 Purpose.
    • 121.2 Scope.
  • 122 BOYLE’S LAW
  • 123 CHARLES’/GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
  • 124 THE GENERAL GAS LAW
  • 125 DALTON’S LAW
  • 126 HENRY’S LAW

• CHAP 13, Mixed-Gas Operational Planning
  • 131 INTRODUCTION
    • 131.1 Purpose.
    • 131.2 Scope.
    • 131.3 Additional Sources of Information.
    • 131.4 Complexity of Mixed-Gas Diving.
    • 131.5 Medical Considerations
  • 132 ESTABLISH OPERATIONAL TASKS
  • 133 SELECT DIVING METHOD AND EQUIPMENT
    • 133.1 Mixed-Gas Diving Methods
    • 133.2 Method Considerations
    • 133.3 Depth
    • 133.4 Bottom Time Requirements
    • 133.5 Environment
    • 133.6 Mobility.
    • 133.7 Equipment Selection.
    • 133.8 Operational Characteristics.
    • 133.9 Support Equipment and ROVs.
    • 133.10 Diver’s Breathing Gas Requirements
  • 134 SELECTING AND ASSEMBLING THE DIVE TEAM
    • 134.1 Diver Training
    • 134.2 Personnel Requirements
    • 134.3 Diver Fatigue
  • 135 BRIEFING THE DIVE TEAM
  • 136 FINAL PREPARATIONS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
  • 137 RECORD KEEPING
  • 138 MIXED-GAS DIVING EQUIPMENT
    • 138.1 Minimum Required Equipment.
    • 138.2 MK 21 MOD 1 Lightweight Surface-Supplied Helium-Oxygen Description
    • 138.3 Flyaway Dive System III Mixed Gas System (FMGS)

• CHAP 14, Surface-Supplied Mixed Gas Diving Procedures
  • 141 INTRODUCTION
    • 141.1 Purpose.
    • 141.2 Scope.
  • 142 PLANNING THE OPERATION
    • 142.1 Depth and Exposure Time
    • 142.2 Water Temperature
    • 142.3 Gas Mixtures
  • 143 SURFACE-SUPPLIED HELIUM-OXYGEN DESCENT AND ASCENT PROCEDURES
    • 143.1 Surface-Supplied Helium-Oxygen Decompression Table
    • 143.2 Special Procedures for Descent with Less than 16 percent Oxygen
    • 143.3 Procedures for Shifting to 60 Percent Helium/40 Percent Oxygen at 100 fsw.
    • 143.4 Procedures for Shifting to 100 Percent Oxygen at the First Oxygen Stop.
    • 143.5 Ascent from the 40-fsw Water Stop
    • 143.6 Surface Decompression Procedures (SUR D)
    • 143.7 Normal SUR D Procedures Using Oxygen
    • 143.8 Emergency SUR D Procedures Using Oxygen
    • 143.9 Aborted Dive During Descent
    • 143.10 Variation in Rate of Ascent
    • 143.11 Special Procedures for Diving with an Oxygen Partial Pressure Greater Than 1.3 ata.
  • 144 SURFACE-SUPPLIED HELIUM-OXYGEN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
    • 144.1 Bottom Time in Excess of the Table
    • 144.2 Loss of Helium-Oxygen Supply on the Bottom
    • 144.3 Inability to Shift to 40 Percent Oxygen at 100 fsw During Decompression
    • 144.4 Loss of Oxygen Supply at 50 fsw
    • 144.5 Loss of Oxygen Supply at the 40-fsw Stop
    • 144.6 Oxygen Supply Contaminated with Helium-Oxygen
    • 144.7 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms (Nonconvulsive) at the 50-fsw Stop
    • 144.8 CNS Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms (Nonconvulsive) at the 40-fsw Stop
    • 144.9 CNS Oxygen Convulsion at the 50-fsw Stop or 40-fsw Stop
    • 144.10 Omitted Decompression
    • 144.11 Light-Headed or Dizzy Diver on the Bottom
    • 144.12 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom
    • 144.13 Decompression Sickness in the Water

• CHAP 15, Saturation Diving
  • 151 INTRODUCTION
    • 151.1 Purpose.
    • 151.2 Scope.
  • 152 APPLICATIONS
  • 153 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A SATURATION DIVE SYSTEM
    • 153.1 Personnel Transfer Capsule
    • 153.2 Deck Decompression Chamber (DDC)
    • 153.3 PTC Handling Systems
    • 153.4 Saturation Mixed-Gas Diving Equipment
  • 154 U.S. NAVY SATURATION FACILITIES
    • 154.1 Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), Panama City, FL
    • 154.2 Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL), New London, CT
  • 155 INTRODUCTION
  • 156 THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
    • 156.1 Diver Heating.
    • 156.2 Inspired Gas Heating
  • 157 SATURATION DIVING UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS
  • 158 UBA GAS USAGE
    • 158.1 Specific Dives.
    • 158.2 Emergency Gas Supply Duration
    • 158.3 Gas Composition.
  • 159 INTRODUCTION
  • 1510 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • 1510.1 Dive Team Selection
    • 1510.2 Mission Training.
  • 1511 SELECTION OF STORAGE DEPTH
  • 1512 RECORDS
    • 1512.1 Command Diving Log
    • 1512.2 Master Protocol
    • 1512.3 Chamber Atmosphere Data Sheet
    • 1512.4 Service Lock
    • 1512.5 Machinery Log/Gas Status Report
    • 1512.6 Operational Procedures (OPs)
    • 1512.7 Emergency Procedures (EPs)
    • 1512.8 Individual Dive Record
  • 1513 LOGISTICS
  • 1514 DDC AND PTC ATMOSPHERE CONTROL
  • 1515 GAS SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
    • 1515.1 UBA Gas
    • 1515.2 Emergency Gas
    • 1515.3 Treatment Gases.
  • 1516 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
  • 1517 FIRE ZONE CONSIDERATIONS
  • 1518 HYGIENE
    • 1518.1 Personal Hygiene.
    • 1518.2 Prevention of External Ear Infections
    • 1518.3 Chamber Cleanliness.
    • 1518.4 Food Preparation and Handling.
  • 1519 ATMOSPHERE QUALITY CONTROL
    • 1519.1 Gaseous Contaminants.
    • 1519.2 Initial Unmanned Screening Procedures.
  • 1520 COMPRESSION PHASE
    • 1520.1 Establishing Chamber Oxygen Partial Pressure.
    • 1520.2 Compression to Storage Depth
    • 1520.3 Precautions During Compression.
    • 1520.4 Abort Procedures During Compression.
  • 1521 STORAGE DEPTH
    • 1521.1 Excursion Table Examples.
    • 1521.2 PTC Diving Procedures
  • 1522 DEEP DIVING SYSTEM (DDS) EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
    • 1522.1 Loss of Chamber Atmosphere Control.
    • 1522.2 Loss of Depth Control
    • 1522.3 Fire in the DDC.
    • 1522.4 PTC Emergencies.
  • 1523 SATURATION DECOMPRESSION
    • 1523.1 Upward Excursion Depth.
    • 1523.2 Travel Rate.
    • 1523.3 Post-Excursion Hold.
    • 1523.4 Rest Stops.
    • 1523.5 Saturation Decompression Rates.
    • 1523.6 Atmosphere Control at Shallow Depths.
    • 1523.7 Saturation Dive Mission Abort
    • 1523.8 Decompression Sickness (DCS)
  • 1524 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES

• CHAP 16, Breathing Gas Mixing Procedures
  • 161 INTRODUCTION
    • 161.1 Purpose.
    • 161.2 Scope.
  • 162 MIXING PROCEDURES
    • 162.1 Mixing by Partial Pressure
    • 162.2 Ideal-Gas Method Mixing Procedure
    • 162.3 Adjustment of Oxygen Percentage.
    • 162.4 Continuous-Flow Mixing
    • 162.5 Mixing by Volume
    • 162.6 Mixing by Weight
  • 163 GAS ANALYSIS
    • 163.1 Instrument Selection.
    • 163.2 Techniques for Analyzing Constituents of a Gas

• CHAP 17, Closed-Circuit Mixed-Gas UBA Diving
  • 171 INTRODUCTION
    • 171.1 Purpose.
    • 171.2 Scope.
  • 172 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
    • 172.1 Recirculation and Carbon Dioxide Removal
    • 172.2 Gas Addition, Exhaust, and Monitoring.
    • 172.3 Advantages of Closed-Circuit Mixed-Gas UBA.
  • 173 USN CLOSED-CIRCUIT MIXED-GAS UBA
    • 173.1 Diving Safety.
    • 173.2 MK 16 UBA Basic Systems.
    • 173.3 Housing System.
    • 173.4 Recirculation System.
    • 173.5 Pneumatics System.
    • 173.6 Electronics System.
  • 174 OPERATIONAL PLANNING
    • 174.1 Operating Limitations.
    • 174.2 Equipment Requirements
    • 174.3 Recompression Chamber Considerations
    • 174.4 Diving Procedures for MK 16.
    • 174.5 Ship Safety.
    • 174.6 Operational Area Clearance.
  • 175 PREDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 175.1 Diving Supervisor Brief
    • 175.2 Diving Supervisor Check
  • 176 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT
  • 177 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES
    • 177.1 General Guidelines
    • 177.2 At Depth.
  • 178 ASCENT PROCEDURES
  • 179 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES
  • 1710 DECOMPRESSION PROCEDURES
    • 1710.1 Use of Constant ppO2 Decompression Tables.
    • 1710.2 Monitoring ppO2.
    • 1710.3 Rules for Using 0.7 ata Constant ppO2 in Nitrogen and inHelium Decompression Tables.
    • 1710.4 PPO2 Variances.
    • 1710.5 Emergency Breathing System (EBS)
    • 1710.6 Omitted Decompression
  • 1711 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT MIXED-GAS UBA
    • 1711.1 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity.
    • 1711.2 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)
    • 1711.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)
    • 1711.4 Chemical Injury
    • 1711.5 Decompression Sickness in the Water

• CHAP 18, Closed-Circuit Oxygen UBA Diving
  • 181 INTRODUCTION
    • 181.1 Purpose.
    • 181.2 Scope.
  • 182 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN DIVING
    • 182.1 Oxygen Toxicity.
    • 182.2 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)
    • 182.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)
    • 182.4 Chemical Injury
    • 182.5 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome
  • 183 MK 25 (DRAEGER LAR V UBA)
    • 183.1 Gas Flow Path
    • 183.2 Operational Duration of the MK 25 UBA
    • 183.3 Packing Precautions.
    • 183.4 Preventing Caustic Solutions in the Canister.
    • 183.5 References.
  • 184 CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN EXPOSURE LIMITS
    • 184.1 Transit with Excursion Limits Table.
    • 184.2 Single-Depth Oxygen Exposure Limits Table.
    • 184.3 Oxygen Exposure Limit Testing.
    • 184.4 Individual Oxygen Susceptibility Precautions.
    • 184.5 Transit with Excursion Limits.
    • 184.6 Single-Depth Limits.
    • 184.7 Exposure Limits for Successive Oxygen Dives
    • 184.8 Exposure Limits for Oxygen Dives Following Mixed-Gas or Air Dives
    • 184.9 Oxygen Diving at High Elevations
    • 184.10 Flying After Oxygen Diving
    • 184.11 Combat Operations
    • 184.12 References for Additional Information.
  • 185 OPERATIONS PLANNING
    • 185.1 Operating Limitations
    • 185.2 Maximizing Operational Range
    • 185.3 Training
    • 185.4 Personnel Requirements
    • 185.5 Equipment Requirements
    • 185.6 Transport and Storage of Prepared UBA.
    • 185.7 Predive Precautions
  • 186 PREDIVE PROCEDURES
    • 186.1 Equipment Preparation
    • 186.2 Diving Supervisor Brief
    • 186.3 Diving Supervisor Check
  • 187 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT
    • 187.1 Purge Procedure
    • 187.2 Turtleback Emergency Descent Procedure.
    • 187.3 Avoiding Purge Procedure Errors
    • 187.4 References for Additional Information.
  • 188 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES
    • 188.1 General Guidelines.
    • 188.2 UBA Malfunction Procedures.
  • 189 ASCENT PROCEDURES
  • 1810 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES AND DIVE DOCUMENTATION

• Diving Disorders Not Requiring Recompression Therapy
  • 191 INTRODUCTION
    • 191.1 Purpose.
    • 191.2 Scope.
  • 192 BREATHING GAS DISORDERS
    • 192.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)
    • 192.2 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.
    • 192.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)
    • 192.4 Oxygen Toxicity.
    • 192.5 Nitrogen Narcosis.
    • 192.6 Hyperventilation
    • 192.7 Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
  • 193 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES
    • 193.1 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema
    • 193.2 Pneumothorax
    • 193.3 Prevention of Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome
  • 194 BAROTRAUMA
    • 194.1 Squeeze.
    • 194.2 Gastrointestinal Distention as a Result of Gas Expansion
    • 194.3 Ear Barotrauma.
    • 194.4 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome
  • 195 DISORDERS OF HIGHER FUNCTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS
    • 195.1 Vertigo.
    • 195.2 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom
  • 196 NEAR DROWNING
    • 196.1 Causes and Prevention
    • 196.2 Treatment
  • 197 THERMAL STRESS
    • 197.1 Hyperthermia
    • 197.2 Hypothermia
    • 197.3 Physiological Effects of Exposure to Cold Water
  • 198 OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
    • 198.1 Uncontrolled Ascent
    • 198.2 Otitis Externa
    • 198.3 Underwater Trauma
    • 198.4 Injuries Caused by Marine Life
    • 198.5 Communicable Diseases and Sanitization
  • 199 MEDICATIONS AND DIVING

• CHAP 20, Diving Disorders Requiring Recompression Therapy
  • 201 INTRODUCTION
    • 201.1 Purpose.
    • 201.2 Scope.
  • 202 ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM
    • 202.1 Arterial Embolism Development.
    • 202.2 Unconsciousness Caused by Arterial Gas Embolism.
    • 202.3 Neurological Symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism.
    • 202.4 Additional Symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism.
    • 202.5 Neurological Examination Guidelines.
    • 202.6 Administering Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the Embolized Diver
    • 202.7 Prevention of Arterial Gas Embolism
  • 203 DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
    • 203.1 Initial Episode of Decompression Sickness.
    • 203.2 Differentiating Type I and Type II Symptoms.
    • 203.3 Type I Decompression Sickness
    • 203.4 Type II Decompression Sickness
    • 203.5 Time Course of Symptoms.
    • 203.6 Altitude Decompression Sickness

• CHAP 21, Recompression Therapy
  • 211 INTRODUCTION
    • 211.1 Purpose.
    • 211.2 Scope.
    • 211.3 Diving Supervisor’s Responsibilities.
    • 211.4 Emergency Consultation.
    • 211.5 Applicability of Recompression.
    • 211.6 Recompression Treatment for Non-Diving Disorders.
    • 211.7 Primary Objectives.
    • 211.8 Guidance on Recompressed Treatment.
    • 211.9 In-Water or Air Recompression.
  • 212 PRESCRIBING AND MODIFYING TREATMENTS
  • 213 OMITTED DECOMPRESSION
    • 213.1 Planned and Unplanned Omitted Decompression.
    • 213.2 Treating Omitted Decompression with Symptoms.
    • 213.3 Treating Omitted Decompression in Specific Operational Environments.
    • 213.4 Ascent from 20 Feet or Shallower (Shallow Surfacing) with Decompression Stops Required.
    • 213.5 Ascent from 20 Feet or Shallower with No Decompression Stops Required.
    • 213.6 Ascent from Deeper than 20 Feet (Uncontrolled Ascent)
  • 214 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN NO RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE
    • 214.1 Transporting the Patient.
    • 214.2 In-Water Recompression
    • 214.3 Symptoms During Decompression (No Chamber Available).
  • 215 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE
    • 215.1 Symptoms During Decompression and Surface Decompression (Recompression Chamber Available).
    • 215.2 Recompression Treatments When Oxygen Is Not Available.
    • 215.3 Treatment at Altitude
    • 215.4 Recompression Treatments When Oxygen Is Available.
    • 215.5 Tending the Patient.
    • 215.6 Recompression Chamber Life-Support Considerations.
    • 215.7 Loss of Oxygen During Treatment.
    • 215.8 Use of High-Oxygen Mixes.
    • 215.9 Treatment at Altitude - Tender Consideration
  • 216 POST-TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
    • 216.1 Post-Treatment Observation Period.
    • 216.2 Post-Treatment Transfer.
    • 216.3 Inside Tenders.
    • 216.4 Flying After Treatments.
    • 216.5 Treatment of Residual Symptoms.
    • 216.6 Returning to Diving after Treatment Table 5.
  • 217 NON-STANDARD TREATMENTS
  • 218 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENT ABORT PROCEDURES
    • 218.1 Death During Treatment.
    • 218.2 Oxygen Breathing Periods During Abort Procedure.
    • 218.3 Impending Natural Disasters or Mechanical Failures.
  • 219 EMERGENCY MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
    • 219.1 Primary Emergency Kit.
    • 219.2 Emergency Kits.
    • 219.3 Use of Emergency Kits.

• CHAP 22, Recompression Chamber Operation
  • 221 INTRODUCTION
    • 221.1 Purpose.
    • 221.2 Scope.
  • 222 DESCRIPTION
    • 222.1 Basic Requirements
    • 222.2 Modernized Chamber
    • 222.3 Transportable Recompression Chamber System (TRCS)
    • 222.4 Fly Away Recompression Chamber (FARCC).
    • 222.5 Standard Features.
  • 223 STATE OF READINESS
  • 224 GAS SUPPLY
    • 224.1 Capacity.
  • 225 OPERATION
    • 225.1 Predive Checklist
    • 225.2 Safety Precautions
    • 225.3 General Operating Procedures
    • 225.4 Ventilation
  • 226 CHAMBER MAINTENANCE
    • 226.1 Postdive Checklist
    • 226.2 Scheduled Maintenance
  • 227 DIVER CANDIDATE PRESSURE TEST
    • 227.1 Candidate Requirements.
    • 227.2 Inside Tender Requirements.
    • 227.3 Procedure.